Kidney 
Kidney
The kidneys are responsible for:
(1) filter out substances that come from the metabolism making out of those useless or toxic blood and holding those gains;
(2) maintain the fluid balance, acid-base;
(3) maintain the pressure balance: on the kidney renin is produced which is a neurotransmitter- hormone that will raise the pressure. When the pressure is low, the kidney that "feels" this data, produce more renin.
(4) is produced in the kidney, erythropoietin, a substance that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells;
(5) produces a precursor of vitamin D which regulates the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
Every day about 140 liters of fluid are filtered by the glomerulus, is reabsorbed 99% and 1% (l = 1.4 approximately) is excreted as urine.
The renal arteries branch off the aorta and carry blood to the kidneys: the arterial blood enters the kidneys and leaves the form of venous blood. From this filtering operation is Product 1-2 L of urine per day.
Kidney Stones Kidney stones are due to precipitation of calcium oxalate, uric acid, cystine, magnesium ammonium phosphate and poorly soluble in urine.
Phytotherapy
cholagogues choleretics and eliminate the obstacle of a liver congested
dandelions and rosemary are useful at a dose of 50-100 drops per day.
Sometimes we fight a syndrome with fluid retention iperfollicolinica: Rubus idaeus 50 drops / day; recommend drinking a lot and stay lying down (recumbent);
diuretics are recommended SOLIDAGO 50-100 drops / day 25-50 BERBERIS gtt / day, UVA URSI 25-50 gtt / day PAREIRA 50-100 drops / day x 10-15 days a month.
But the specific remedy for gallstones is RUBIA TINCTORIUM TM (madder): this plant has its anthraquinone glycosides a very decisive action on the pelvis and sull'uretere with increased peristaltic; dose = 50-150 drops per day, especially active in phosphate lithiasis, but is good for all types. Other useful plant for all types of calculations is the Parietaria, or Petasites, also known as Spaccapietra. FABA
VESC (fava swamp) 50-150 drops / day causes an increase in urine volume with decreased bladder tenesmus; calm nephritic colic attacks and triggers the expulsion of the calculations. Will be useful in oxalic lithiasis the Seine 20-30 gtt / d decreases ossaluria and improves digestive function nell'ossalurico that is very disturbed. For uric lithiasis give pilosella, birch sap 50-75 drops per day and Fagus sylvatica 50-75 drops daily. Other remedies
= SOLIDAGO COSMOPLEX containing solidago, Uva Ursi and orthosifon, improves kidney function, helps to eliminate waste, is useful in spasms of the urinary tract after surgical removal of stones and to prevent the formation of new calculations; in the second half of pregnancy as a stimulant of drainage as an adjunct in therapy for inflammation of the renal pelvis. Dose: 10 drops in the acute phase every 10-15 minutes for a maximum of 2 hours, repeat after a break of 3 hours, continue for 3-4 days with 10 drops x 3 times daily as dosage for chronic disorders. =
Contraindications hypersensitivity to bee venom (apis among its members there).
Some special 'HOMEOPATHIC
R27 contains: Acidum Nitricum, Berberis, renales calculi, lycopodium, rubia, sarsaparilla, is indicated for kidney stones, acute pain in the kidneys, tingling, reddish urine and sticky with epithelial cells and waste material, amorphous , oxalic acid in urine and gravel.
R18 contains: Berberis, Cantharis, Equisetum, Eupatorium, Solanum dulcamara, is indicated for inflammation kidney, kidney stones, kidney stinging, pain in the sacral region, peritonitis, urethritis, piercing pain on urination, cloudy urine yellow.
Fresh juice of horsetail, birch 2 tablespoons in a glass of water on alternate days or together.
acute attack of gallstones. As a first step should be to recommend a hot bath, which is sometimes enough alone. Then be stimulated diuresis, but only after passing the state of acute pain, to promote this as much as possible the expulsion of the calculation.
a support measure is to drink a warm tea of \u200b\u200bchamomile, slowly, in small sips, especially for the spasmolytic effect. The water treatment will only to colic and will consist largely completed in the administration of the first morning of one of these remedies:
1.5 L of green tea (Camellia sinensis) to drink over 15 minutes;
dandelion tea 1-2 tablespoons in 1 / 2 L of hot water, infuse 20 minutes, filter and dilute to 1.5 L by adding hot water drink in 10 minutes, repeat daily until the calculation will not be released.
for sure, given the amount of urine will be collected in a container so you can see the calculation on the bottom of the container. After the therapy, to prevent recurrence Valnet suggests:
CORN 20 stigmas, fruits
FENNEL 10,
1 L of water, boil for 5 minutes,
brew for 10min, let cool, strain and drink throughout the day. Continue treatment for several weeks and then repeat for 10 days a month. According to Van
Hellemont the stigmas of maize can triple the volume of urine released; prolonged use is not dangerous.
Roger recommended sapwood (bark) of LIME 100g for 20 minutes in 1L of water to drink during the day, making a cure for 15 days since the cessation of pain.
Weiss recommends RUBIA tinctoria 1x3 tablets twice daily, the effect is attributed to the rubia alizarin and galiosina that color the urine red tea
also offers the following:
rubia,
echinacea, goldenrod
,
horsetail, arnica
,
convallaria
phosphate Mg.
Ricaldone proposes:
ONONIDE SPINOSA root 30 g,
parietaria top g20, g20 top
gold bullion,
Spaccapietra (ceterac) G30
leaves 2 tablespoons of the mixture in 350 ml of water to boil 7 minutes, filter, and Drinking after an overnight fast.
As in the calculator and the ever-present danger of infection recommend OREGANO OE OF SPAIN 50-10 drops 3 times daily in a gelatin capsule or adsorbed in honey.
VISION Allopathy
Hypercalciuria altered by absorption is the most common variant of idiopathic hypercalciuria and indicates an increase in calcium absorption in the intestine.
A transient increase in serum Ca load increases renal Ca filtered and suppresses parathyroid function;
this leads to an inhibition of tubular reabsorption of Ca would exacerbate hypercalciuria. Hypercalciuria based impairment, observed in a minority of subjects, is attributed to a failure of tubular reabsorption (renal loss) of Ca
secondary hyperparathyroidism will compete with a compensatory increase in absorption intestinal Ca (mediated by stimulation of the renal synthesis of vitamin D).
The term refers to the hypercalciuria by reabsorption of Ca resorption from bone tissue as the initial event in the formation of the calculation.
This situation therefore coincides with hypercalciuria of primary hyperparathyroidism.
Consequently, the intestinal absorption of Ca is increased.
hypercalcemia without apparent cause is the initial laboratory evidence.
The surgery on the parathyroid is the measure that is adopted in order to stop the progression of renal damage and bone. The hyperuricosuria is the only biochemical alteration in some subjects that form of Ca oxalate in most of these subjects, the high excretion of uric acid is due to diet, particularly a high intake of purines, found in meat, in fish and poultry. The high excretion (in the presence of a normal pH) causes the urine to be supersaturation of monosodium urate. In turn, the monosodium urate crystal form or in colloidal induces Ca oxalate crystallization by heterogeneous nucleation process.
may also be involved in the reduction of substances that inhibit the binding of Ca oxalate salt of uric acid (as eg glycosaminoglycans and glycopeptides).
Un'iperossaluria small claims may be more important in the formation of Ca oxalate stones, compared to a comparable increase in Ca This is because the excretion of urinary oxalate is free while the urinary Ca is partly citric acid chelated by the AC. The most important mechanism dell'iperossaluria secondary increase in intestinal absorption of oxalate, in the context of inflammatory bowel disease. A condition of lipid malabsorption exposes the mucosa of the colon surface in the form of bile salts and fatty ac: this increases the permeability mucosal molecules including sugars, amino acids and oxalate in fact, not only by promoting the formation of stones, but also pictures of tubulo-interstitial alterations and intrarenal calcifications. Through the same mechanism, based un'iperossaluria enterica may be associated with ileal resection or ileal-jejunal bypass as those performed in the treatment of morbid obesity. The unabsorbed fat can also bind Ca in the intestinal lumen, so that the oxalate is free to be absorbed. Hyperoxaluria may also derive from excessive introduction of oxalate-rich foods such as leafy green vegetables, chocolate, tea, a few nuts. In some cases a poor diet Ca may worsen the problem, reducing the amount available to complex Ca oxalate in the intestinal tract.
The hypocitraturia is an important factor in the genesis of kidney stones as the loss of chelating citric acid in the urine it triggers the supersaturation of Ca ions, reduces the acidosis by increasing urinary citrate reabsorption in the renal tubule and uptake in the peritubular tissue. Therefore hypocitraturia may be the clue to the presence of renal tubular acidosis (type 1) and associated with a small hypochloraemia. The patient's diet may play a role, for example, high Na intake can cause a mild metabolic acidosis by reducing the excretion of citric acid. Similarly, the introduction of a high proportion of animal protein may add an acid load by inhibiting the excretion of citrate.
struvite Unlike Ca oxalate, there is one condition where there is an oversaturation of struvite in urine infected with microorganisms that break down urea. The Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and certain gram-positive, including Streptococcus faecalis, have in common the ability to produce urease. You will have the hydrolysis of urea to ammonium salts resulting in alkalinization urine.
order for forming struvite not only the urine must be alkaline, but supersaturated with NH4OH. The struvite stones are more common in women. They can grow to considerable size, occupying the entire renal pelvis as typical staghorn. The calculations that rarely, if not exceptionally, are passed spontaneously. If untreated, hesitate in the loss of the affected kidney in 50% of cases. So
struvite require urgent action: they are treated by lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy with particles for the extraction of gallstones; occasionally laparotomy.
Calculations of uric acid are
frequently associated with gout, urinary pH is usually below 5.5 and this causes the uric acid becomes available to promote the formation of crystals and stones, the collecting tubule of the kidney may go to salaries of crystals causing 'acute renal failure.
therapy is to raise the pH and reduce urinary excretion of uric acid below 1 g / day. The type of alkali has given its importance: K citrate reduces the risk of Ca salts crystallize when the urinary pH rises, while the Na citrate or Na bicarbonate may increase the risk.
If hyperuricosuria allopurinol or hyperuricemia (200-300 mg / day) may be associated to treatment with alkali in order to directly reduce the urinary excretion of uric acid, allopurinol is generally well tolerated, sometimes causing serious side effects such as dermatitis and liver necrosis.
cystine stones Cystinuria
The results from an inborn error of metabolism carstterizzato a change in the transport of dibasic amino acids in the proximal tubule and fasting. So not only cystine but also lysine, arginine and ornithine. As a result, excessive excretion of these substances. The problem is ultimately created by the low solubility of urinary cystine. Patients tend to develop bilateral obstructive staghorn, associated with failure impairment. Unfortunately cystinuria promotes the crystallization of Ca oxalate and phosphate of Ca to prevent the formation of new calculations of cystine, it must reduce the urinary cystine concentration below the threshold of solubility (200-300 ml / dl) , fluid intake, including fruit juices rich in citrate exceed 3-4 liters / day!
must be taken with alkali therapy in order to raise the pH up to 6.5 to 7.
citrate is preferable to K Na citrate, as seen in the previous case.
If the load of liquid alkali therapy are not enough, you can enrich the treatment regimen using the D-penicillamine. However, side effects are frequent and serious, such as nephrotic syndrome and pancytopenia. The patient often complains dysgeusia due to depletion of Zn. The
mercaptopropionilglicina shares the actions of penicillamine but shows less toxicity, making it preferable.
Another possibility is the use of captopril, which contains sulfhydryl groups which bond to the cystine can be exploited to reduce the urinary excretion.
The calculations may be unique, multiple, unilateral or bilateral and occur in the kidney, renal pelvis, ureter and bladder. They can not make noise for a long time or cause mild (a feeling of discomfort in the lumbar region). When the
calculation falls and can not pass from the renal pelvis and ureter occurs alongside a sharp pain (colic), and radiating to the genitals to the front of the thigh according to the position of the calculation; symptoms are accompanied by sweating, hypotension, reduced urine, sometimes blood in the urine and, sometimes, are complicated with infection or obstruction of the urinary tract.
The pain can last several hours and ends when the computation reaches the bladder but left for a few days un'indolenzimento part and a dull ache.
It has a full bladder sensation with nausea and pain in passing urine.
to identify the location of the calculations help the blood tests and urine tests, ultrasound, radiological investigations el'urografia. The stones left untreated can cause serious complications such as infection, dilated urinary tract, damage to kidney function. Past the acute phase of care is based on the use of diuretics and other medications according to the composition of the calculations and sull'ingestione at least 3 liters of water daily to dilute the urine and increase urine output.
The calculations have not been able to eliminate in a natural way can be broken into small pieces with the shock waves of the "lithotripter" (lithotripsy) or with the use of lasers if the calculation is the ureter. But in some cases must be removed with an endoscopic surgery which leaves no scars or providing the nephrolithotomy incision along the kidney.
MEDICAL TREATMENT cholestyramine resin is not absorbed, binds fatty ac, AC ducts and oxalates, as is indicated, thiazide diuretics decrease the recurrence rate of 35%, reduce the excretion of Ca by increasing the reabsorption in the tubule distal, they reduce the volume of extracellular fluid, which stimulates the Ca riassorbim in the proximal tubule. 10% of the ppp complain eff coll as fatigue, dizziness, depression and loss of libido, in addition the treatment may have reduced effectiveness in the long run. Sodium phosphate-cellulose, an ion exchange resin is not absorbed, os x, binds Ca inhibits the absorption, the problem is that it can cause loss of Mg, because of its affinity increases the absorption of x esso.Inoltre oxalate. K citrate can correct metabolic acidosis in distal renal tubular acidosis with ppp, so it plays a protective role: the citrate K the formation of new calculations is reduced by 89%. This therapy is indicated in the ppp with hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria (INTRODUCTI by high in purines) alone or with reduced excretion of citrate.
Great importance has the 'POWER The sodium restriction is recommended, as a high Na intake increases the urinary concentration of Ca, citrate reduces urinary oxalate crystallization and promotes Ca by heterogeneous nucleation from monosodium URI. They are not recommended diets Ca; fact, they can increase the absorption of oxalate and also the establishment of a secondary hyperparathyroidism could lead to a loss of bone mineral (iperPTHismo).
The elimination of foods high in oxalate is indicated in most subjects and is essential in cases of increased intestinal absorption secondary to enteric hyperoxaluria.
not gaining weight, avoid
excessive sweating (sports, saunas, etc.) and when that happens integrate liquids.
Avoid the use of laxatives;
recommended foods are potatoes, vegetables and fresh fruit, BEER, FRUIT, fruit teas (*), alkalizing water. Not recommended =
anchovies, sardines, shellfish, spinach, citrus fruits, nuts, mushrooms, bread, cabbage, pork, liver, kidneys, venison, meat, fish and poultry.
To prevent stone formation is recommended for good physical activity and a constant fluid intake. Those who suffer from calculations should be observed each day the color of his urine, and when he notices that are darker to drink more. In particular, uric diathesis in starchy foods are allowed, soft cheeses such as soft cheese, mozzarella, ricotta and robiola, salads and all fresh vegetables, fresh fruit;
to reduce and possibly eliminate foods are meat, cold meats and cheeses or fermented , dried fruit and all the condiments of animal origin (lard, butter, lard, etc.), foods to be avoided are the brain, liver, kidney, intestines, and in general all those rich in purines;
diathesis phosphaturia and calciuria foods are bread to be admitted white or in full, all meat, carrots, salad, green beans, potatoes, zucchini, etc.. olive oil;
are banned dairy products, eggs, cabbage, artichokes, cauliflower, spinach.
Diathesis ossalurica vegetables are prohibited in general and especially spinach, artichokes and tomatoes, fruits sparingly and should not be very ripe to make a acidifying diet consisting of meat, eggs and fish; abolish food-rich and Ca-oxalate , cook the vegetables (the few allowed) with a little water and reduce foods rich in VITC.
Water for drinking must be content with a low mineral content of Na < o = a 20 mg /litro.
The spas are recommended: Fiuggi, Comano, S. Elena in Chianciano, Pejo Etching Bagnore.
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